Falalalala - French Christmas Carol Lyrics

Falalalala is the French version of Deck the Halls. They are sung to the same tune, but the lyrics are quite different. The translation given here is the literal translation of the French Christmas carol. Que lon chante quon sapprà ªteFa la la la la, la la la laSonnez pipeaux et trompettesFa la la la la, la la la laCar cest la joie quon apporteFa la la, la la la, la la laOuvrez donc grandes vos portesFa la la la la, la la la la.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us sing let us get readyFa la la la la, la la la laRing pipes and trumpetsFa la la la la, la la la laSince its joy that we bringFa la la, la la la, la la laOpen your doors wideFa la la la la, la la la la Dans les villes et les villagesFa la la la la, la la la laRà ©pandons notre messageFa la la la la, la la la laProclamons la joie profondeFa la la, la la la, la la laQue Dieu a donnà © au mondeFa la la la la, la la la la   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In cities and townsFa la la la la, la la la laLet us spread our messageFa la la la la, la la la laLet us proclaim the profound joyFa la la, la la la, la la laThat God has given the worldFa la la la la, la la la la Voici les cloches qui sonnentFa la la la la, la la la laQue le nouvel an nous donneFa la la la la, la la la laUn coeur rempli de tendresseFa la la, la la la, la la laCest la plus belle richesseFa la la la la, la la la la   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here are the clocks chimingFa la la la la, la la la laMay the new year give usFa la la la la, la la la laA heart full of tendernessFa la la, la la la, la la laIts the most beautiful wealthFa la la la la, la la la la

Hobbes Human Nature Essay - 1424 Words

Modern political philosophy strives to answer fundamental questions about democracy and constitutional theory. In 17th century England, Thomas Hobbes’ and John Locke’s opinions expressed through their writing exemplified opposing viewpoints about human nature, the origin of the state, the nature of government, and the grounds for revolution. Although Hobbes and Locke agreed on some general facets of political theory, Thomas Hobbes’ generally presented a pessimistic, provocative view of politics, while John Locke tended towards a more optimist and mainstream approach to explaining constitutional theory. In regards to human nature, both Hobbes and Locke agree that the purpose of government relies on the nature of humanity itself. However,†¦show more content†¦As a result, Locke’s view of human nature argues that humans limit themselves rather than nature imposing limits. Thus, Hobbes presents a pessimistic view of human nature in which perpetual fear creates a state of war, whereas Locke introduces reason as the catalyst of maintaining natural rights and a state of peace. Depending on their ideas of human nature, both Hobbes and Locke theorize about the origin of the state in accordance with the state of nature. For Hobbes, the state forms out of necessity for the preservation of human life. Hobbes explains, â€Å"[E]very man has a Right to every thing; even to one anothers body† (Hobbes, 37). To clarify, Hobbes asserts that in an attempt to save one’s self in a state of war, he or she may do anything regardless of morality. As a result, humans submit to a state, unnaturally and reluctantly, because survival within a state of war is impossible: â€Å"[M]en agree amongst themselves, to submit to some Man, or Assembly of men, voluntarily, on confidence to be protected by him against all others† (Hobbes, 40). As the only means by which humanity can survive, people succumb to a common state, which limits them by rooting the law in morality.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Thomas Hobbes and The Human Nature685 Words   |  3 PagesThomas Hobbes was a 17th century British philosopher and political theorist in early modern times, known for his political thoughts. Witnessing the horrors of the English Civil War that took place from 1642–1651, Hobbes was convinced that an absolute monarchy was the only form of government that could protect individuals and their interests while providing a secure environment that allowed for practice of those interests. Hobbes writes about the idea of absolutism, or absolute monarchy- a form ofRead M oreComparison of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke: Human Nature Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagesbloodshed of the English Civil War, Thomas Hobbes realizes the chaotic state of humanity, which gravitates towards the greatest evil. Hobbes’ underlying premises of human nature–equality, egotism, and competition–result in a universal war among men in their natural state. In order to escape anarchy, Hobbes employs an absolute sovereignty. The people willingly enter a social contract with one another, relinquishing their rights to the sovereign. For Hobbes, only the omnipotent sovereign or â€Å"Leviathan†Read More Human Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Essay example1948 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Nature as Viewed by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume Thomas Hobbes in Chapter 13 of Leviathan, and David Hume in Section 3 of An Enquiry Concerning the Princples of Morals, give views of human nature. Hobbes’ view captures survivalism as significant in our nature but cannot account for altruism. We cover Hobbes’ theory with a theory of Varied Levels of Survivalism, explaining a larger body of behavior with the foundation Hobbes gives. Hume gives a scenario which does not directly proveRead MoreHobbes View Of Human Nature1495 Words   |  6 Pagesintuitive and straightforward notion of pessimism, this essay will argue that Hobbes’ view of human nature is not pessimistic. Firstly, this argument will be supported by an explanation of some of Hobbes’ theoretical assumptions, which reveal his stance on human nature. More specifically, his theory on the state of nature becoming a state of war, and the steps he takes to arrive to this conclusion, will be outlined to ultimately demonstrate that Hobbes does not depict mankind pessimistically. Then, a criticalRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political Society. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s views of the state of nature and the fundamental purpose of political society. Whose view is the more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from thoseRead MoreThe Tradition Of Dogma And Despotism938 Words   |  4 Pagesin England, America and France, which marked the end of area that untimely gave way to Romanticism. Due to the vast assortment of philosophical ideas, this essay aims to portray the developments in political thought as a set of general strands of thought, as appose to precise theories. This essay can be seen as a discussion of the origins, nature and contested status of the most important strands of political thought spawned of this era with a consideration of the affects such ideas have had on theRead MoreRousseau s Views On The State Of Nature And Civilization1401 Words   |  6 Pagesthis essay, I will com pare the contrasting views between Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau based on the state of nature and civilization. Rousseau was seen as an optimist who viewed human nature as good (â€Å"Noble Savage†) and believed that civilization corrupted us; While, Hobbes thought the complete opposite believing that humans in their natural state were selfish creatures purely interested in themselves and that government is imperative in keeping us in check. Throughout this essay, I willRead MoreThe Leviathan By Thomas Hobbes849 Words   |  4 PagesIn the text, the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes conceives of the state as one ultimate political authority in which he calls the â€Å"sovereign†. For Hobbes, the sovereign is the apex of what we know to be the state. Since the beginning of time, the state has served as a beneficial and important facilitator of rights and resources. In our general conceptualization of the world, the state is the ultimate arbiter of political power and serves many fundamental purposes. Political philosophers throughout timeRead MoreAnalyzing the Ideas of Locke and Hobbes on the State of Nature704 Words   |  3 Pagespolitical philosophers concerns the state of nature concept underlying much of social contract theory, with the esoteric term being used to describe the hypothetical human condition which logically preceded the institution of organized government. Engaging in a rigorous deconstruction of this hypothetical condition, one defined by a societal structure in which mans rights are not protected by the power of the state, provided political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke with ample opportunity

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Essay Example For Students

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Essay It was very apparent to everyone who had carefully followed the course of events that we would sooner or later have to meet the threat to civilization which these aggressor nations were presenting to the worldand that we would ultimately be left to face the onslaught alone are words from then Secretary of War Henry Stimson. America knew she was headed for war, her people though, not directly feeling the effects of the conflicts going on half a world away would not support the loss of American lives for a foreign war. The government knew about the planned attacks on Pearl Harbor, kept the information from the military leaders that needed it the most, and used the tragedy to rally the nation toward war. AIR RAID ON PEARL HARBOR. THIS IS NO DRILL. This is the message sent out by radioman Kyle Boyer at 7:58 a.m. Sunday December 7, 1941; a date which will live in infamy. The empire of Japan had attacked the United States Pacific Fleet based in Pearl Harbor. For months the US Intelligence community, as well as others around the world, had been intercepting and decoding transmissions from mainland Japan to their diplomats and spies in the US. We had cracked their Purple Code, and knew exactly what military intelligence was being transmitted back and forth. The Dutch also cracked Purple and informed our government of the Japanese plan and were shocked to hear reports that we were taken by surprised. Even more disturbing, months before the attack a British double agent, Dusko Popov, codenamed Tricycle, turned over to the F.B.I. detailed plans of the Japanese air raid, which he had obtained from the Germans. The government had the information, and did nothing with it. The people who needed the information the most, Admiral Kimmel, commander-in-chief us pacific fleet, and General Walter Short, the army commander in Hawaii, were kept out of the loop. Why would the military keep such pertinent information from its leaders in Hawaii? Some would argue they hid the information so the Japanese would not know their code was broken. I wonder if the 2,000+ service men and civilians that died that day would share the same concern. Admiral Kimmel had been complaining about shortages of personnel, planes, and radar for months. General Short did not even know he had a special Army monitoring station on the island, and was not even cleared to see the decrypted messages known as Magic. These commanders were set up to be scapegoats for the tragedy that would soon unfold . Sec. of War Stimson was quoted as saying he was relieved that the indecision was over and that a crisis had come in a way which would unite all our peoplefor I feel that this country united has practically nothing to fear while the apathy and divisions stirred up by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging. And later went on to tell his military aid we never could have gotten the country to war without Pearl Harbor. The government knew we would eventually have to go to war. The question was whether the government could rally support in time to help save England. Our government, knowing of the planned attack on Pearl Harbor and knowing England couldnt withstand Germanys onslaught for too much longer, seized their opportunity to gain public support for the war by sacrificing 2,000+ lives that fateful December morning. Slackman, Michael. Target: Pearl Harbor. Arizona Memorial Museum Association, University of Hawaii Press, 1990 Toland, John, Infamy, Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath. Doubleday Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1982 .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 , .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .postImageUrl , .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 , .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:hover , .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:visited , .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:active { border:0!important; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:active , .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774 .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0643799a01b8aaa64b5dbe094966774:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Children's Music EssayWhat Happened at Pearl Harbor: Documents Pertaining to the Japanese Attack of December 7, 1942. Edited by Hans Louis Trefousse. Twayne Publishers, 1958 Department of Defense. 50th Anniversary of World War II Commemorative Committee. Pearl Harbor: 50th Anniversary Commemorative Chronicle, A Grateful Nation Remembers 1941-1991. Washington: The Committee, 1991. http://www.history. navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm Willey, Mark. PEARL HARBOR -MOTHER OF ALL CONSPIRACIES. http://www.geocities. com/Pentagon/6315/pearl.html. 2001 .

Glossary for Crime and Deviance free essay sample

The consensus or functionalist perspective is one that views society as a system consisting of mutually sustaining parts and characterized by broad normative consensus. All the various social institutions have their own particular specialized social functions to keep society running smoothly II. Sociological Positivism a. Causes of crime favored by sociologists in this tradition are compounds of a variety of social phenomena which are summarized by terms such as â€Å"social disorganization,† â€Å"anomie,† or â€Å"group conflict. The appreciation of the social context of criminal behavior is sociology’s greatest contribution to our understanding of crime III. Durkheim, Modernization, and Anomie a. Emile Durkheim: Anomie—Meaning â€Å"lacking in rules† or â€Å"normlessness† which Durkheim used to describe the condition of normative deregulation in society. b. Mechanical solidarity: Exists in small, isolated, and self-sufficient prestate so ciety in which individuals, because they share common experiences and circumstances, share common values and develop strong emotional ties to the collectivity c. Organic solidarity: Characteristic of modern societies in which there is a high degree of occupational specialization d. Durkheim argued that because crime is found at all times and in all societies, it is a normal and inevitable phenomenon e. Criminals and other deviants are useful in that they serve to identify the limits of acceptable behavior f. All people are said to aspire to maximize their pleasures, but deficiencies in â€Å"natural talent† will thwart some from attaining their goals legitimately IV. The Chicago School of Ecology . The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States was the Chicago school of human ecology b. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: Social ecology—describes the interrelations of human beings and the communities in which they live. Early social ecologists viewed the city as a super organism with â€Å"natural areas† differentially adaptive for different ethnic groups c. Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delin quents always came from the same neighborhoods regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods V. Social Disorganization a. Social disorganization: The breakdown, or serious dilution, of the power of informal community rules to regulate conduct b. The mix of peoples with limited resources, bringing with them a wide variety of cultural traditions sometimes at odds with traditional American middle-class norms of behavior, is not conducive to developing and/or maintaining a sense of community c. A neighborhood in the process of losing its sense of community was called a transition zone d. Social disorganization is really the loss of neighborhood collective efficacy e. Collective efficacy: The shared power of a group of connected and engaged individuals to influence an outcome that the collective deems desirable f. The same things that predict the loss of collective efficacy are the same things that predict social disorganization g. Ways in which social disorganization contributes to crime and delinquency i. The lack of social controls in disorganized neighborhoods facilitates crime by failing to inhibit it ii. The provision of positive incentives to engage in crime and delinquency h. Ecological fallacy: We cannot make inferences about individuals and groups on the basis of information derived from a larger population of which they are a part i. How do we know that differences in delinquency rates result from the aggregated characteristics of communities rather than the characteristics of individuals selectively aggregated into communities? VI. Strain Theory: Robert Merton’s Extension of Anomie Theory a. Robert Merton: Strain theory views crime as a normal response to the conditions that limit the opportunities for some individuals to obtain the economic success for which we are all supposed to strive b. Anomie is the structural-cultural disjunction and strain they is the way people adapt to life in the context of anomie VII. Modes of Adaptation a. Five modes of adaptation that various people adopt in response to social pressure i. Conformity: Accept the success goals of American society, and the prescribed means of attaining them ii. Ritualism: Rejects the cultural goals, but does not adapt in a criminal manner iii. Innovation: Accepts the validity of cultural goals, but rejects the legitimate means of attaining them iv. Retreatism: Rejects both the cultural goals, and the institutionalized means of attaining them; they are in society but not of it v. Rebellion: Reject both the goals and the means of capitalist American society, but unlike retreatists, rebels wish to substitute alternative legitimate goals and alternative legitimate means VIII. Institutional Anomie Theory . Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld: Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT) places the blame for the high crime rate in the United States unequivocally on the doorstep of the much-vaunted American Dream and its capitalist underpinnings b. High crime rates are intrinsic to the basic cultural commitments and institutional arrangements of American society c. Institutional Balance of Power: Subjugation of other institutions d. American culture tends t o devalue the non-economic function and roles of other social institutions e. The answer to the high crime rate in the United States is decommodification, which refers to social policies intended to free social relationships from economic considerations by freeing the operation of the other social institutions from the domination of the economy, or to at least gain a certain degree of balance IX. Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory a. Robert Agnew laid the foundation for a general strain theory b. Strain results from the removal of a positively valued stimuli or the presentation of negative stimuli c. We all experience multiple strain throughout our lives, but the impact of strain differs according to its magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering d. The most important fact is not strain per se, but how one copes with it X. Subcultural Theories: Albert Cohen and Status Frustration a. Distinct criminal subcultures might develop, particularly among lower-class individuals because these are the people expected to feel the bite of blocked opportunity more sharply b. Albert Cohen’s book Delinquent Boys proposed a mechanism by which lower-class youths adapt to the limited avenues of success open to them c. Short-run hedonism: The actor is seeking immediate gratification of his or her desires without regard for any long term consequences d. Much lower-class crime and delinquency is expressive rather than instrumental e. Though no fault of their own, young people lack access to middle-class avenues of approval and self-worth. Because they cannot adjust to what Cohen calls middle-class measuring rods, they experience status frustration f. The real problem for Cohen is status frustration, not blocked opportunity. Lower-class youth desire approval and status, but because they cannot meet middle-class criteria, they become frustrated XI. Cloward and Ohlin’s Opportunity Structure Theory a. One of the most influential extensions of strain theory has been Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s opportunity structure theory, outlined in their book, Delinquency and Opportunity b. To obtain and take advantage of the most rewarding illegitimate opportunities, aspiring delinquents often need an â€Å"in† c. Gang types that develop from the frustration generated by blocked opportunities: i. Criminal gangs ii. Conflict gangs iii. Retreatist gangs XII. Walter Miller’s Theory of Focal Concerns a. Gangs are not a reaction to status deprivation b. Miller asserted that lower-class behavior and values must be viewed on their own terms c. Six focal concerns that are part of a value system and a lifestyle that has emerged from the realities of life on the bottom rung of society i. Trouble confers status if it is the right type of trouble ii. Toughness is very important to the status of lower-class males iii. Smartness refers to street smarts and is the ability to survive on the streets using one’s wits iv. Excitement is the search for fun v. Fate is a belief that the locus of control is external to oneself and a belief in â€Å"lady luck† vi. Autonomy means personal freedom d. The hard-core lower class lifestyle typified by these focal concerns catch those engaged in it in a web of situations that virtually guarantee delinquent and criminal activities XIII. Youth Gangs a. Malcolm Klein defines a youth gang as: â€Å"any denotable adolescent group who (a) are generally perceived as a distinct aggregation by others in the neighborhood, (b) recognize themselves as a denotable group, and (c) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from neighborhood residents and/or law enforcement agencies† XIV. The Increasing Prevalence of Gangs a. Gangs are more prevalent in the United States today than ever before b. It is the neighborhood of the marginalized and underclass that the most fertile soil for the growth of gangs exist XV. Why do Young People Join Gangs? a. Joining a gang has almost become a survival imperative in some areas where unaffiliated youths are likely to be victimized b. Gang membership provides means of satisfying belongingness needs c. Gangs functions for many of its members as (1) family, (2) friendship group, (3) play group, (4) protective agency, (5) educational institution, and (6) employer XVI. Girls in Gangs a. Females are a minor part of the modern gang scene b. Girls join gangs for many of the same reasons that boys do c. Three basic types of female gang involvement i. All-female gangs ii. Mixed gender gangs iii. Female auxiliaries of male gangs d. The vast majority of females gang delinquency consists of non-violent property and status offenses XVII. Evaluation of Social Structural Theories a. Ecological theory brought home one of the most universal demographic characteristics of crime, namely, its concentration in socially disorganized areas inhabited by economically deprived people b. Strain theories claim to explain particular types of crimes in terms of their prevalence in society, and not why one individual becomes criminal and another does not c. General strain theory has been criticized as reductionist because of its emphasis of attempting to explain how people subjectively perceive and react to strain d. Subculture theories augment both ecological and anomie/strain theories by introducing the idea of subculture e. Focal concerns has attracted charges of racial insensitivity XVIII. Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories a. Social disorganization( Chicago Area Project: Treating communities from which offenders came. Shaw and McKay organized a number of programs aimed at generating or strengthening a sense of community within neighborhoods b. Strain theory( If the cause of crime is a disjunction between cultural values emphasizing success for all and a social structure denying access to legitimate means of achieving it to some, then the cure for crime is to increase opportunities or to dampen aspirations c. Cloward and Ohlin developed a delinquency-prevention project known as Mobilization for Youth which concentrated on expanding legitimate opportunities for disadvantaged youths d. The policy recommendation flowing from institutional anomie theory would be those that tame the power of the market via decommodification e. Any policy recommendation derived from subcultural theory would not differ in any significant ways from those derived from ecological or anomie/strain theories Key Terms Anomie Chicago area press Collective efficacy Consensus or Functionalist perspective Conformity Decommodification Ecological fallacy Focal concerns General strain theory Institutional anomie theory Institutional balance of power Mechanical solidarity Middle-class measuring rods Mobilization for youth Modes of adaptation Opportunity structure theory Organic solidarity Short-run hedonism Social ecology Social disorganization Social structure Status frustration Transition zone

Augustus Rome essays

Augustus' Rome essays Augustus Rome; modern marvel in ancient times Throughout history the world has seen many a great empire rise and fall. Empires that have spanned the globe and dominated vast tracts of land as well the age in history from which they spawned. Many of these empires were famous for their capitols, crown jewels of the empires where the main power was centered and where the government was housed. Rome in the ancient Roman Empire was perhaps the greatest city of this kind. Perhaps reaching its full bloom under the reign of Octavian better known as Augustus. Under Augustus Rome underwent many changes. Rome was as much a bustling center of commerce and activities as any modern city of today. It was a place of great populous and architecture and commerce. It was a city of power and grandeur led by a man to match its strength. Augustus Rome was a city like no other. It held innumerable people in buildings the likes of which could not be dreamed. It was a city that ran efficiently with modern flair that seemed ahead of its time. Based upon what written records tell us and what we know through archeological study, Rome was a large city. How large is however difficult to say. Put simply most of what was once ancient Rome is buried beneath what is today modern Rome. Therefore it is difficult to know where the boundaries were. Any attempts to estimate the size in square meters of Rome is speculative at best when one considers the two most accurate estimates differ about 2 million square meters. We do however know that there were at least 46, 602 apartment houses and easily 1760 private ones. We do also know that while walls at it had once fortified Rome boundaries the wall became virtually unnecessary when Rome had reached its present size under Augustus it was simply to immense to fear invasion, Hannibal having been the last invader in 211 BC Also within the city existed the Praetorians, an elite group of the finest sol ...

French Attributive Adjectives - Adjectifs épithètes

French Attributive Adjectives - Adjectifs à ©pithà ¨tes Attributive adjectives are used to describe or emphasize some attribute (characteristic) of the noun they modify. Known as à ©pithà ¨tes in French, attributive adjectives are a subcategory of qualifying (descriptive) adjectives. The defining characteristic of attributive adjectives is that they are joined to the noun they modify - immediately preceding or following it with no verb in between. une jeune fille  Ã‚  Ã‚  young girlun nouveau livre  Ã‚  Ã‚  new bookune question intà ©ressante  Ã‚  Ã‚  interesting questionun restaurant cà ©là ¨bre  Ã‚  Ã‚  famous restaurant An attributive adjective emphasizes some aspect of the noun which is essential to the meaning of the noun but not necessarily to the sentence. That is, the à ©pithà ¨te can be dropped without changing the essential meaning of the sentence: Jai achetà © un nouveau livre rougeJai achetà © un nouveau livreJai achetà © un livre Both nouveau and rouge are attributive adjectives, and both can be dropped without hurting the essential meaning of the sentence: I bought a book. Including new and red simply provides additional information about the book that I bought. Types There are three types of attributive adjectives: Épithà ¨te de nature - indicates a permanent, inherent qualityun pà ¢le visage - pale faceune pomme rouge - red appleÉpithà ¨te de caractà ¨re - describes an individual, distinguishing qualityun cher ami - dear friendun homme honnà ªte - honest manÉpithà ¨te de circonstance - expresses a temporary, current qualityune jeune fille - young girlun garà §on triste - sad boy Agreement Attributive adjectives must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Placement Like all descriptive French adjectives, the majority of à ©pithà ¨tes follow the noun they modify. However, à ©pithà ¨tes precede the noun when: the adjective noun is considered a single unit of meaningthe adjective is describing rather than qualifying (limiting) the meaning of the nounit just sounds better As you can see, there are no hard and fast rules for determining whether an à ©pithà ¨te should precede or follow the noun it modifies, but there are some general guidelines that can help: Precede the noun Follow the noun pithtes de nature pithtes de circonstance Figurative or subjective meaning Literal or objective meaning Size and beauty(petit, grand, joli...) Other physical qualities(rouge, carr, costaud...) Single-syllable adjective +multi-syllable noun Multi-syllable adjective +single-syllable noun Ordinal adjectives(premier, deuxime...) Categories + relationships(chrtien, franais, essentiel...) Age(jeune, vieux, nouveau...) Present participles and past participlesused as adjectives (courant, lu...) Goodness(bon, mauvais...) Modified adjectives(un raisin grand comme un abricot)

Romanticism - Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Romanticism - Humanities - Essay Example Other art forms carried the period into the second half of the nineteenth century. This extended chronological spectrum (1770-1870) also permits recognition as Romantic the poetry of Robert Burns and William Blake in England, the early writings of Goethe and Schiller in Germany, and the great period of influence for Rousseau's writings throughout Europe. 1 One of Ludwig van Beethoven's critiques wrote of his work, referring to the third symphony, as having romantic elements --powerful melodies and dramatic intensity.2 Barry Cooper, a noted Beethoven scholar, commented on The Choral Fantasy as having "a Romantic wilderness that easily obscures its ingeniously created design."3 He was speaking of the fact that The Choral Fantasy when it was first performed was done spontaneously. It stopped and restarted on more than one occasion. This is because Beethoven only wrote the full score a year later. 4 He was playing the Fantasy from the heart. As he was quoted saying, "I must write, for what weighs on my heart, I must express."5 Romanticism is a manner of self expression that comes from the heart. It must be spontaneous, using powerful melodies and creating dramatic intensities. This illusion of romantic wilderness is beautiful. Anne K. Anne K. Mellor a known critique of Mary Shelley notes one of the general themes of Frankenstein as "uncontrolled scientific advancement causes destruction."6 Man uses science to try to make a human being, and thus conquer nature.7 Instead a monster was created. Shelley explores the concept of what is beautiful and ugly. She concludes that the concept of what is beautiful is defined by society and to them Frankenstein is not. He is ugly, a monster. Shelley's reaction to this concept is expressive of her innermost feelings. She also shows negative sentiments about the way women were being restricted to the domestic realm. She does this by murdering many of the female characters.8 Mellor also points this out as one of the general themes of the novel.9 Romanticism is the expression of artists' inner feelings. The work should mirror the artists' vision of the world and be the instrument of the artists' imagination.10 The Social Contract written by Jean Jacques Roussau has as its theses, which can be found at the first sentence of the essay: "Man is born free but everywhere is in chains." He expounds on the nature of freedom. For him, "natural human beings are born completely self-sufficient and self-governing. But needing to interact with others, humans are forced to give up their liberties. He enters into a "social contract" in which the governed agree to be ruled only so that their rights, property and happiness must be protected by their rulers. Once rulers cease to protect the ruled, the social contract is broken and the governed are free to choose another set of governors or magistrates.11 He writes this in passionate rhetoric and is an expression of how he views the relationship of men with the state. Romanticism is the reaction of the writer to what he sees around him. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote a work rich in contradictions and conflicts, entitled Faust: A Tragedy. "It is a Romantic masterwork precisely because it explores a wide variety of polar opposites without resolving them.